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Sabtu, 11 Februari 2012

Emperor Qin Shi Huang -- First Emperor of China


Qin Shi Huang (Hanzi: 秦始皇) (November atau Desember 260 SM – 10 September 210 SM), dilahirkan dengan nama Ying Zheng (贏政), juga dipanggil Shi Huang Di yang artinya adalah Kaisar Pertama, adalah raja dari Negara Qin dari 247 SM sampai 221 SM, setelah mempersatukan Tiongkok dengan menaklukkan 6 negara lainnya, ia kemudian mendirikan Dinasti Qin dan mengangkat diri menjadi kaisar dari Tiongkok yang bersatu – dari 221 SM hingga 210 SM – bertakhta dengan sebutan Kaisar Pertama.
Setelah menyatukan Tiongkok, dia dan perdana menterinya Li Si menciptakan berbagai perubahan yang ditujukan untuk memperkuat persatuan, dan mereka menjalankan banyak reformasi dalam pemerintahan, menyatukan tulisan baku, alat ukur standar dan juga meneruskan pembangunan Tembok Besar yang sudah ada sejak Zaman Negara-negara Berperang. Walaupun dengan kekuasaan tangan besi, Qin Shi Huang masih dianggap oleh sejarah Tiongkok hingga sekarang sebagai pendiri Tiongkok masa lalu. Persatuan bangsa Tiongkok telah berlangsung lebih dari dua ribu tahun.
Kaisar Pertama wafat saat melakukan ekspedisi ke seluruh negeri. Perjalanan ini dilakukan untuk mengambil hati rakyat dan para adipati serta pangeran dari negara-negara yang ditaklukannya. Di tengah perjalanan ia bertemu kembali dengan Xu Fu, seorang yang diperintahkannya untuk mencari “obat keabadian” atau disebut juga “obat panjang umur”. Untuk menghindari kemarahan sang kaisar, Xu Fu berkelit dengan mengatakan bahwa perjalanan untuk mencari obat tersebut sangat sulit, karena obat tersebut berada di puncak gunung sebuah pulau di tengah lautan. Xu Fu berencana menghindar dari tugas kaisar tersebut dengan mengatakan bahwa kaisar harus menangkap seekor ikan raksasa dahulu, namun dengan berani kaisar berhasil memanah seekor ikan raksasa dan Xu Fu harus menuruti tugas kaisar. Bagaimanapun juga Xu Fu yang telah memprediksi bahwa ia tidak akan bisa menemukan obat keabadian dan jika ia pulang dengan tangan hampa, maka kaisar pasti akan membunuhnya. Ia dengan senang hati menerima tugas dari kaisar tersebut, dengan syarat kaisar menyertakan 500 pemuda – pemudi dalam perjalanannya untuk dipersembahkan kepada dewa. Namun Xu Fu berlayar untuk dan tidak pernah kembali. Diperkirakan Xu Fu mendarat di Jepang.
Kaisar wafat dan menginginkan putera pertama bernama Fusu yang menggantikannya . Namun pesan kaisar pertama tersebut tidak pernah sampai, karena Zhao Gao, kasim kepercayan sekaligus penyampai pesan terakhir kaisar pertama bersekongkol dengan Li Si untuk mengubah pesan kaisar pertama menjadi mengangkat anak ke-26 kaisar pertama, Huhai menggantikan ayahnya dan menyuruh Fusu serta Jenderal Meng Tian bunuh diri dengan tuduhan melakukan pemberontakan. Zhao Gao melakukan hal ini karena ia ingin mempertahankan kedudukannya, karena ia kan dicopot dari jabatannya jika ketahuan suka menjilat dan korup oleh Fusu, sedangkan Lisi karena ia pernah berseteru dengan Fusu saat menangani masalah cendekiawan aliran Konfusius.
Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum

Emperor Qin Shi Huang (259 BC - 210 BC) fascinates people when they talk about the Great WallTerracotta Warriors and Horses - his two greatest achievements to China. As the first emperor of China, he indeed has a profound influence on Chinese history and culture. and the
How did he come to the throne?
Emperor Qin Shi Huang, born as Ying Zheng in 259 BC, was the son of the king of the Qin State. At the age of thirteen, he succeeded his father's regality. Ying Zheng was very aggressive and ambitious at an early age. He assumed full power at 22 by ridding himself of his premier, Lu Buwei, who acted as regent while he was a minor. He wanted to unify and subjugate all the states like Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi by the powerful political, economic and military strength of the Qin State. Ying Zheng realized his ambition and built the first feudal and centralized empire in Chinese history in 221 BC. This was what we called - the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC). Ying Zheng was the first emperor of a united China, so he proclaimed himself Qin Shi Huang.
"Qin Shi Huang"  
When Ying Zheng unified China, he considered his achievement surpassing the legendary "San Huang (three emperors)" and "Wu Di (five sovereigns)". He created a new title for himself: "Huangdi" together with "Shi (means the first)", hence get the name "Qin Shi Huang" or "Qin Shi Huangdi", which means he was the first emperor of China. He hoped his descendants would follow in his steps to rule China for eternity.


Achievements and Defects
Qin Terracotta Army
Qin Terracotta Army
In order to consolidate the nascent empire, Qin Shi Huang reformed politics, economy and culture. In politics, he abolished the hereditary vassal enfeoffment system and established prefectures and counties, ruled directly by the emperor. Based on the original rules of the Qin State, the emperor adopted some regulations of other rival states to form a workable law of the Qin Dynasty. In economy, he claimed that both the agriculture and commerce were very important. People should have them developed together. Besides, tax system began to function and coinage and metrology were all standardized. In culture, the emperor unified the Chinese characters in writing, which promoted the development of the Chinese culture. However, he also suppressed scholars who were not to his liking. Consequently, many scholars involved were killed in Xianyang.
The symbol of the Chinese ancient civilization, the Great Wall bears witness to Qin Shi Huang's centralism. He ordered conscript laborers to link together the defensive works against marauding nomads already built by the former states. That was the forerunner of the modern Great Wall. Another world-famous achievement is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Xian, which was discovered nearby the mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Both are the wonders of China. But during their construction, countless conscripts lost their lives. It's really wasting manpower and resources.
Decline of the First Emperor

Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum
Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum
Qin Shi Huang longed for longevity, so he sent his ministers to go on quests seeking for an elixir of immortality. However, death claimed him before he could find success on that matter. The emperor departed from the world of the living in 210 BC while traveling. The Peasant Uprising led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang broke out soon after Hu Hai, the second generation, got onto the throne. Accordingly, the Qin Dynasty came to an abrupt end in 206 BC. Qin Shi Huang is truly an epoch-making historic emperor in China's history.


 Two Sons of Emperor Qin Shi Huang

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